For retaining walls, these are cantilevered components.
They can also be used as bridge abutments in which the wall acts as an element under compound compression, sized to resist vertical and horizontal stress from both the bridge deck and the ground.
Two types:
- Solid walls: These are walls in the form of a solid panel that can be of a constant thickness or varying in height.
- Buttress walls: These are cantilevered walls that lighten the deck load, connected to two buttresses that transfer the stress to the foundations, optimising the use of the materials.